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What’s in a name?
It would be many centuries before the first recognisable pub opened. Religious houses ran the earliest true inns to cater for pilgrims and knights on their way to the Crusades in the Holy Land. Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem, whose cellars are carved from the rocks beneath Nottingham Castle, is just such an example. Established in 1189, it claims the title of the oldest pub in England and was a stopover point for forces on their way to meet with Richard the Lionheart. Other signs on this theme are The Turk’s Head, The Saracen’s Head and The Lamb & Flag ­ the lamb representing Christ and the flag being the sign of the crusaders.

Even after the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th Century, some of the names denoting religious connections survived, such as The Mitre, The Ship (symbolising the Ark) and The Anchor (the Christian faith). However, many of the landlords thought it more politic to show allegiance to the monarch and hastily adopted titles like The King’s Head or The Crown. Henry VIII who ordered the Dissolution is, unsurprisingly, the most popularly depicted monarch.

The Golden Fleece - a meeting place for local wool traders

Heraldry has been a recurrent theme. The Black, White, Red and Golden Lions have formed part of royal coats of arms since the time of the Norman Conquest. The Unicorn was in the Scottish arms, The Red Dragon in the Welsh and The White Horse in the Hanoverian. The Rising Sun was the badge of Edward III. Local gentry often had pubs on their land named after them or parts of their cognizance were taken.

Anyone who caught the public imagination was likely to be immortalised such as Lord Nelson or Wellington and even loveable rogues like Dick Turpin get a mention.

Marquis of Granby - benefactor of injured soldiers in the 18th Century. His wig famously blew off as he galloped into the Battle of Warburg, hence the phrase "to go for someone bald-headed"

One of the most affectionate tributes is reserved for the Marquis of Granby, Commander-in-Chief of the British army. After the Battle of Warburg, he bought pubs for all his disabled non-commissioned officers. His generosity ruined him however and he died in 1770 leaving crushing debts of £37,000.

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Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, reputedly the oldest pub in England

Sporty names
In the days of a largely illiterate population, pictorial signs were an essential way of advertising the inn or the type of entertainment on offer inside. Any pub called The Cock Inn or The Cock-Pit would once have been a venue for cock fighting. Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, (which also claims to be the oldest pub in Britain!), was originally the dovecote for St Albans Abbey. After the Dissolution, it was realised that its circular shape made it a perfect venue for cock fighting. Just to confuse things, any pub called The Cock & Bottle has nothing to do with sport. It simply denotes that both bottled and draught beers were available.

As to other entertainments, The Bear denotes bear baiting, The Dog & Duck, hunting, The Bull & Dog, bull baiting and The Bird in The Hand, falconry. Nowadays, the more modern sports are represented by names like The Cricketers’ Arms, The Anglers’ Rest or The Huntsman.

The Kings Arms - the Royal crest showing a landlord's allegiance to the King

Often the predominant trade of the area would give the pub its name. The Golden Fleece is a reflection of the local wool trade. The Coopers’, Bricklayers’, Saddlers’ and Masons’ Arms are commonplace signs. Legend has it that The Smith’s Arms in Dorset was once a blacksmith’s forge where Charles II stopped to have his horse shod. Whilst waiting he demanded a beer but was told the smithy was unlicensed. Exercising his royal prerogative he granted one and was duly served.

In the 18th Century the population became more mobile and a need for coaching inns grew with predictable names such as The Coach & Horses and The Horse & Groom. Later the advent of steam gave every town its Railway Inn or Station Arms.

The Old Cock Inn - another venue for cock-fighting

Where good stories come from
There is a story that, in Stony Stratford, the London coach changed horses at The Bull and the Birmingham coach across the road at The Cock Inn. The passengers from the respective coaches would swap news whilst waiting for the change and it is from this that the phrase “cock and bull story” is said to have originated.

Plenty of cock and bull stories and local legends have found their way onto pub signs. Take, for example, The Drunken Duck at Barngates. The landlady one day found all of her ducks dead in the yard. Unaccustomed to waste, she plucked them ready for cooking. As she finished, the ducks began to revive and a search of the yard revealed a leaking beer barrel surrounded by webbed footprints. She was apparently so contrite that she knitted them all little jackets until their feathers grew back.

Railway Tavern - across the road from the train station celebrating the change from horsepower.

Alternatively, there was The Flying Monk of Malmesbury who claimed his faith was so strong it would enable him to fly. He jumped from the top of the local abbey to demonstrate this and …well, the pub was a nice memorial!

It is rare to take time to consider the sign outside the pub in the rush to get inside but few pubs were named by accident. Almost every name has a story behind it and, together, they illustrate the social history of England. With names enduring for centuries it is possible that the sign above the door is as old as the pleasure of drinking itself.

Elaine Saunders is a freelance writer based in England. She writes on a wide range of topics for magazines around the world and can be contacted on el.saunders@ntlworld.com